A study from British researchers at the University of Aberdeen, published in BMJ Open, examined whether pain relievers and fever reducers used during pregnancy could influence pregnancy outcomes. The investigation focused on commonly used medications such as paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen, and their potential links to adverse results for the fetus and the pregnancy overall.
The researchers analyzed data from more than 151,000 pregnancies spanning 1985 to 2015. Women in the study who used these medications during pregnancy were found to have higher rates of certain complications. Instances of babies with lower birth weight were more common, and neural tube development issues affecting the brain and spinal cord showed increased occurrence. Congenital penile abnormalities were reported more often, and male offspring showed a higher rate of these defects. Additionally, the risk of stillbirth rose, and the chances of miscarriage or preterm birth increased. Infant mortality in the first month after birth was also elevated in this group.
Among the medications studied, paracetamol is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy, whereas nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may affect fetal circulation and kidney function if used frequently, making their use less favorable.
On average, three in ten pregnant women took over the counter pain medicines, though data from 2008 to 2015 showed a notable rise, occurring at roughly twice the rate of earlier years. The authors noted that precise dosing and timing information was not available in their dataset, which limits conclusions about the frequency and amount of drug use.
Health professionals emphasize careful medication use during pregnancy. An obstetrician-gynecologist highlighted that paracetamol and ibuprofen can be permissible when used once and not systemically, but advised avoiding use in the first and third trimesters. The same expert noted that no strong evidence currently links unsystematic use to miscarriage or preterm birth or to conditions such as autism or hyperactivity, though systematic use could present different risks. It remains essential to consult a clinician to assess necessity and appropriate dosing.
Ultimately, the guidance stresses that medications should be prescribed only when truly necessary and taken strictly as directed by a healthcare provider. Paracetamol is recognized as one of two antipyretic and analgesic drugs approved for use during pregnancy and lactation, with the World Health Organization listing it as an essential medicine. Ibuprofen is also cited as sometimes acceptable under professional guidance.
Experts caution that decisions about medication during pregnancy fall to both the patient and the medical team. Ideally, pregnancy would proceed with minimal drug use, with vitamins and minerals forming the foundation of preventive care before conception. In preconception planning, it is advised to consult an obstetrician-gynecologist. If needed, a clinician may recommend folic acid and iodine supplementation and may suggest consultations with dental, eye, neurological, and orthopedic specialists as part of comprehensive prenatal care.
Such preventive measures before pregnancy are intended to reduce common complaints like headaches, back pain, and dental discomfort. When a pregnant woman experiences a headache or minor injuries, clinicians may consider analgesic options such as paracetamol and sometimes ibuprofen, depending on timing and clinical context. The study indicates that adverse effects were most evident with paracetamol in combination with other medications, but the exact mechanism remains under investigation. The authors call for more research to clarify fetal risks related to pain relievers and to improve patient education so that expectant mothers can make informed choices alongside their healthcare providers.