Many countries observe Earth Day on April 22. But what is its purpose, and when did this observance begin?
Its origins trace back to 1970 when United States Senator Gaylord Nelson proposed a national day focused on raising awareness about overpopulation, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and other environmental challenges. The idea grew into a global reminder that the planet is a shared home and one that deserves care, a sentiment echoed by cultures across time.
The first mass Earth Day celebration occurred on April 22, 1970, driven by Nelson’s call to action. The aim was to prompt the government to establish protections for natural resources and to catalyze environmental reform across the nation.
Earth Day was timed to maximize participation. The date was chosen because it falls after winter holidays and before major religious or national events, with a Wednesday allowing strong student engagement and easy travel for participants.
Even before the nationwide events, on March 21, leaders like San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto issued early statements, and celebrations began to unfold in places such as Davis, California, over several days.
During the first Earth Day, about 2,000 universities, 10,000 schools, and numerous community groups joined millions of people across the United States in demonstrations and educational activities. The momentum helped establish the Environmental Protection Agency and a suite of laws aimed at preserving air, water, and soil quality, marking a turning point in U.S. environmental policy.
Videos from the day show large public gatherings and teach-ins that highlighted local environmental concerns and collective action, with notable scenes from cities like Philadelphia and other major urban centers.
Over the following years, Earth Day spread beyond national borders, evolving into a global movement that encourages communities worldwide to speak up about environmental issues and to take practical steps to protect natural resources.
There has been debate over the original author of Earth Day’s concept. Some point to John McConnell, who proposed a global celebration at UNESCO’s Environment Conference. Others contend that Nelson’s naming and framing were decisive, aided by colleagues and advertisers who helped widen the effort. In any case, Earth Day has grown into a long-standing observance that invites people to reflect on environmental problems and to commit to action that supports the health of the planet.
Today, Earth Day serves as an annual reminder to raise voices, build solutions, and act to safeguard air, water, biodiversity, and climate for communities around the world.
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