Researchers from a major U.S. university examined how common worms contribute to the production of staple crops globally. The findings indicate that invertebrates account for roughly 6.5% of the world’s annual grain output, while legumes contribute about 2.3%. The study was published in Nature Communications, underscoring the important role soil organisms play in food systems.
Experts estimate that worms enable up to 140 million tonnes of food to be produced each year. That figure is comparable to the combined harvest of rice, wheat, oats, barley, corn, and other grains produced by Russia, one of the world’s largest agricultural producers. These numbers highlight the substantial influence of soil-dwelling creatures on food security across continents.
The analysis found that earthworms exert the greatest influence on agriculture in the southern hemisphere. In sub-Saharan Africa, roughly 10% of the grain harvest relies on the activities of earthworms, while in Latin America and the Caribbean, about 8% of grain production is linked to their presence and function. These regional dynamics reflect differences in farming practices, soil health, and access to inputs such as synthetic fertilizers.
The major contribution of earthworms in developing countries stems from limited access to fertilizers and pesticides. In many places, farmers rely on organic matter and the ecosystem services provided by soil organisms to sustain crop yields. Earthworms help create healthier soil by improving soil structure, increasing water retention, and accelerating the decomposition of organic material, which makes nutrients more available to crops.
Additional studies indicate that earthworms can bolster plant defenses against common soil pathogens and, on average, raise yields by a notable margin. In agricultural systems tied to sustainable practices, worm activity supports resilience and productivity, particularly where chemical inputs are constrained or less accessible.
In the broader context of North American farming, these findings reinforce the value of soil health programs, composting strategies, and diversified organic amendments. By fostering robust earthworm populations, growers can enhance soil stability, optimize moisture management, and reduce the need for synthetic inputs over time. This aligns with ongoing efforts to promote sustainable intensification and long-term productivity in Canadian and American agriculture.