Researchers at the Glasgow Centre for Public Health found that people who walk or cycle to work tend to have lower risks of cardiovascular disease, mental health issues, hospitalization, and premature death compared with those who rely on private or public transport. The findings were reported in BMJ Public Health.
The study followed 82,000 Scottish adults aged 16 to 74. Participants provided information about their diet, lifestyle, and typical commuting method, along with the distances they traveled to work.
Data showed that almost everyone who walked to work lived within five kilometers of their job. About four in five cyclists traveled under five kilometers, while 14% rode between three and six miles. Roughly 58% of those who were sedentary during work travel reported longer commutes exceeding five kilometers.
Researchers monitored the group for 18 years, collecting health outcomes and transportation patterns. When compared with inactive individuals who drove or used public transit, those who walked or biked to work exhibited lower risks of death and of experiencing mental or physical illness.
Specifically, regular cycling correlated with a 47% lower risk of premature death, a 51% lower risk of cancer, and a 10% lower risk of hospitalization. Cyclists were also 30% less likely to rely on prescription medications for cardiovascular disease.
Walking to work was associated with an 11% lower risk of hospitalization for any cause and reductions of 10% and 7% in the likelihood of taking prescription medications for cardiovascular disease and mental disorders, respectively.
The researchers emphasize the broad health benefits linked to active commuting, supported by long-term observation and comprehensive lifestyle data (BMJ Public Health).
In broader terms, the study suggests urban planning and workplace policies that encourage walking and cycling could improve population health, reduce healthcare costs, and strengthen community well-being. The authors note that even modest increases in active commuting can yield meaningful health gains across large populations (BMJ Public Health).
Ultimately, the findings reinforce the value of everyday physical activity and its significant impact on longevity and quality of life. For policymakers, employers, and individuals, the message is clear: designing neighborhoods and work environments that support walking and biking can lead to healthier communities over time (BMJ Public Health).