Viewed through a global lens, the major powers coordinated resources to expand economic, military, and political influence across Africa, a continent rich in resources and projected to double its population by 2050. It is one of the fastest urbanizing regions on the planet. The IMF highlights Africa as a dynamic growth area within the world economy. EL PERIÓDICO, part of the Prensa Ibérica group, analyzes how China, Russia, the United States, and the European Union pursue strategies on the continent.
Chinese
China has cultivated ties with Africa for many years and surpassed the United States as its top trading partner in the late 2000s. Africa represents a dual opportunity for Beijing: it helps absorb production surpluses and serves as a durable source of raw materials for Chinese industry, all while integrating into a broader development initiative known as the New Silk Road. Long-term investment and infrastructure projects have strengthened these links, creating a framework for continued economic exchange and cooperation with African nations. (Attribution: IMF and regional trade analyses, 2023–2024)
Russia
Russia has presented itself as an alternative partner to the traditional western powers by appealing to countries seeking to diversify alliances. In the wake of Western sanctions and shifting geopolitical dynamics, Moscow has expanded its presence across Africa, pursuing new markets and security partnerships. The Russian government has highlighted its engagement through high-level visits and bilateral agreements, while private actors have contributed to a security and military footprint on the continent. (Attribution: Kremlin press briefings and regional policy reports, 2022–2024)
United States of America
The growing influence of China and Russia has prompted a recalibration of American outreach. After years of cautious engagement, the United States has signaled a renewed commitment to African partnerships, emphasizing development, democracy, and trade. The administration has pitched a more proactive diplomatic stance, with senior officials touring the region to reinforce cooperative efforts across health, education, infrastructure, and governance. This shift contrasts with the era when some administrations did not prioritize Africa on the global stage, and it reflects a strategic intent to compete for influence in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape. (Attribution: U.S. State Department and White House briefings, 2020–2024)
European Union
The European Union, comprising 27 member states, aims to counterbalance the influence of Moscow and Beijing by mobilizing substantial resources toward Africa. The Global Gateway initiative represents a concerted effort to position Europe as a trusted partner and to channel investments into ecological transition, digital advancement, and sustainable growth. The bloc has outlined plans to deploy hundreds of billions of euros over time to support African economies, focusing on infrastructure, climate resilience, health, and governance. These commitments are intended to accelerate the continent’s development while deepening European-African cooperation. (Attribution: European Commission documents and EU strategy papers, 2021–2024)