Squirrels appear not only in forests but also near summer cottages and in city parks. Medical professionals explain the potential health risks these small mammals pose and what people should know about diseases that can be transmitted by a squirrel. This information comes from a medical expert who specializes in infectious diseases and is familiar with how wildlife interacts with urban populations. [citation: INVITRO-Stavropol LLC, medical activities division]
Experts note that, in addition to rabies, squirrels may theoretically carry other serious infections such as leptospirosis and tularemia. While rabies represents the most well-known risk from mammal bites, several other pathogens can be transmitted through bites, scratches, or contact with the animal’s saliva or urine. The possibility of such transmission underscores the importance of seeking prompt medical advice after any bite or striking encounter with a wild animal. [citation: public health guidance, animal bite protocols]
Rabies remains a critical concern because, once clinical symptoms develop, there is no effective cure. The disease is almost always fatal if not prevented before symptoms appear. Timely vaccination after exposure, along with rabies immunoglobulin in severe cases, can prevent the onset of rabies and save lives. The sooner vaccination begins after exposure, the higher the likelihood of preventing disease. Antibodies typically become detectable within 12 to 14 days following vaccine administration. [citation: rabies prevention guidelines, infectious disease control]
Leptospirosis is an acute infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. It can affect the lining of blood vessels and organs such as the liver and kidneys, leading to high fever, muscle pain, and severe illness in some cases. The disease is not rare and has the potential to become severe, requiring intensive care for a portion of patients. People who encounter rodents or urban wildlife, or who work in wet environments, may be at elevated risk, making awareness essential for prevention and early treatment. [citation: leptospirosis overview]
Urban squirrels display behavioral differences compared to their forest-dwelling cousins. They interact with people more frequently and can adapt their behavior to city life, sometimes viewing humans as sources of food. Yet physiologically they differ from their wild forest relatives. Their diet in city environments often includes more fatty and processed foods, and nuts may be scarce. This diet influences health and liver function, especially when feeding patterns encourage prolonged consumption of unsuitable foods. The guidance remains clear: avoid feeding wild squirrels in urban settings. [citation: wildlife behavior in urban areas, health guidance]
In the event of a squirrel bite, it is essential to contact a medical facility or emergency department without delay. The patient should report the bite and seek advice about rabies vaccination or post-exposure prophylaxis as recommended by healthcare professionals. Timely medical evaluation is the best defense against potential infections. [citation: emergency care guidelines, post-exposure management]
Public health recommendations emphasize that feeding wild animals in the summer should be avoided. Squirrels may nibble on greens, seeds, and other items, but a diet rich in fatty foods and human scraps can overwhelm their metabolism and adversely affect liver function. In winter, adults and caretakers may consider providing limited, appropriate nourishment such as seeds (unsalted and not fried), nuts (walnuts or pine nuts), carrots, apples, and oatmeal. The aim is to minimize dependence on human food and prevent cross-species disease transmission. Children should not handle or feed wild animals directly, to reduce the risk of bites or other contact. This approach helps reduce cross-contamination between humans and wildlife. [citation: feeding wildlife guidelines]
Overall, the message remains that while interactions with urban wildlife can be pleasant, they carry health considerations. Not all infections pass from squirrels to humans, but several possible diseases require careful handling and preventive action. Proper hygiene, avoiding direct contact, and seeking medical advice after any bite are prudent steps to protect personal health and public safety. [citation: general wildlife health advisory]
Formerly, additional information discussed how to distinguish a runny nose from allergies and other respiratory illnesses was covered in related health coverage.