– Tell us what the Center is pursuing.
— The organization is advancing a new form of communication built on quantum principles. These technologies offer superior protection for information, addressing the vulnerabilities evident in today’s networks, such as frequent data breaches and leakage incidents.
As computation speeds increase with quantum-capable machines, the field moves toward a future where communications security is stronger. Quantum technologies have the potential to drive the next wave of technological transformation.
Specifically, NUST MISIS collaborates on the Quantum Internet strategic project, supported by the Priority 2030 program of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science. The institution conducts research on quantum key distribution systems, examines potential vulnerabilities, and develops protective measures to counteract them. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
Regarding concrete achievements, the team has completed a quantum key distribution system with a quantum state preparation rate exceeding 1 GHz. Previously, Russia’s fastest system operated at 312.5 MHz, representing a fourfold improvement. A higher key-generation rate means encryption keys can be refreshed more frequently, enhancing overall protection. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— You mentioned methods to safeguard quantum key distribution systems and the associated risks.
— The main concern for existing non-quantum security infrastructures is the rapid growth of computing power, which could render current cryptographic algorithms vulnerable, especially with the advent of practical quantum computers. Human factors, such as compromised encryption keys, also remain a risk. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems mitigate these risks but are not immune to attacks. In theory, the physics and mathematics underpinning QKD are secure; issues arise in the hardware used to implement the systems. Adversaries may target imperfections in real devices. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
For example, detector blinding attacks exploit the sensitivity of single-photon detectors used to read quantum states. If exposed to intense light, a detector can be forced to misbehave, allowing an attacker to take control. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
The current challenge lies in attacks on the hardware side rather than the underlying theory. Common attack patterns include blinding detectors, photon-number-splitting attacks when attenuated laser pulses emit more than one photon, and Trojan-horse attacks where bright light reveals information about modulators and output settings. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— When might quantum communication systems become widespread?
— Roadmaps project 7,000 km coverage by 2024 and 15,000 km by 2030, with more than 100 simultaneous systems as a major milestone. This marks a significant early step toward broader network expansion. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— What practical benefits do quantum technologies offer to everyday users?
— With widespread adoption, quantum keys could protect money transfers, personal correspondence, and online communications from intruders. The devices and services that handle sensitive data could gain stronger safeguards, reducing fraud and eavesdropping risks for consumers. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— When might the public gain access to these capabilities?
— Initial progress is expected to occur through government and large enterprises, followed by uptake by smaller businesses, and finally by individual users. Early access might see external delivery of quantum keys to consumer devices, enabling secure communication for extended periods, though practical deployment remains in development. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— In 2022, QRate and NUST MISiS scientists discussed a compact quantum communication system for mid-range businesses and ordinary consumers. How is that advancing?
— A prototype miniature transmitter was anticipated by the end of 2022, with mass production planning possibly starting in 2023–2024. The goal is to lower the cost of linking subscribers to a quantum network, though initial users are likely to be large enterprises. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— What is the current cost of launching quantum communications?
— Present systems are expensive, running into tens of millions of rubles. As with conventional computing, costs are expected to decline over time, though precise pricing remains unsettled. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— Tell us about the concept of a satellite-based quantum network.
— Quantum key distribution over optical networks is limited by distance, while longer-range links exist but operate at slower speeds. A satellite approach could distribute keys from a ground station to another location in space, then deliver them to the destination ground station, enabling faster, cheaper coverage. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
Satellite quantum cryptography would allow a single satellite to connect multiple sites across a country. Limitations include weather dependence, as cloud cover and night conditions affect single-photon transmission. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— Who is developing the satellite technology?
— In the framework of national initiatives, a ground-based receiver has been established, with industry partners supplying satellite equipment. The project coordinates with national space agencies and partners to mount hardware on satellites. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— When are the first satellite launches planned?
— Early launches are expected, with discussions referencing pilots in 2023 and ongoing collaborations with international researchers to test equipment and validate capabilities. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]
— Is global coverage of a quantum network feasible through satellites?
— The concept is technically feasible, though practical deployment will require time and budget assessments. Initial missions aim to test and refine the technology before a broader rollout. [Citation: Center for Quantum Communications]