In total, about 287 exotic bird species have been recorded, reflecting the number of birds entering Spain’s natural environment in recent years. A study by SEO/BirdLife, the Spanish Ornithological Society, notes that some species exist only sporadically while others have established a stable presence. Currently, 16 exotic birds are resident in Spain, with seven more showing signs of being established.
Of the approximately 408 introduced species in Spain, many were introduced to bolster threatened populations. Among these, 287 are exotic birds — species not native to the country and present due to human action, either through deliberate release or accidental escape of caged birds.
Parrots and other avian introductions have been widely documented by sources such as major databases and encyclopedias. The study also records 71 species as native or occurring naturally, though some may belong to non-native subspecies or show evidence of hybridization or artificial selection.
The environmental NGO highlights that introductions often occur within conservation programs that rely on individuals from other geographic regions with some genetic differentiation. Among these native species, 21 are found exclusively on the Peninsula and in the Canary Islands, while two other groups show contrasting introductions.
Additionally, 51 species are listed as rare in the country. They occur very infrequently or only when individuals cross distribution boundaries, sometimes reaching the edges of their range. Yet, confirmed introductions of these species have been documented.
As a result of this study, the List of Exotic and Introduced Birds in Spain distinguishes the two main zoogeographic regions separately: the peninsula with the Balearic Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla, and the Canary archipelago.
Besides listing introduced species, the degree of establishment is noted for each region, distinguishing species that occur occasionally, those that have reproduced, and those that are well established or nearing establishment.
Birds introduced by humans, whether intentionally or accidentally, can stabilize populations of native species but may also behave as invasive. They can reproduce successfully, expand their range, and increase populations, sometimes displacing native fauna and impacting ecosystems.
Currently, 14 exotic bird species are resident in Spain, with five more close to being established. Canary Islands host two resident species and two near-established species, while on the Peninsula there are ongoing developments.
Impact on Local Biodiversity
Exotic species that establish themselves may act as invasive aliens, quickly expanding their numbers and range. Invasive birds can significantly affect biodiversity and ecosystems by reducing native diversity, altering genetic makeup, shifting behavior, altering trophic networks, and changing fundamental ecosystem dynamics. These potential impacts are monitored by SEO/BirdLife and other conservation groups.
Among resident exotics, several species display invasive traits, such as the Argentine budgerigar, Kramer’s budgie, Nile goose, red-billed leiotrix, canary species, and various other parrots and weavers. These groups are listed in national conservation catalogs and governed by existing regulations that restrict possession, transport, trade, and entry into natural habitats.
Experts note that the ecological effects of these new populations are not fully understood and may evolve as populations grow. Ongoing observation is essential to assess their impact over time.
Budgerigars and Native Bats
Recent observations in Seville confirmed that some introduced populations interact with native wildlife, including bats that roost in trees. Such interactions underscore the need to study ecosystem effects and consider protective measures for vulnerable species listed in national inventories.
In the Canary Islands, concerns center on the spread of certain European species, including those that may threaten local ecosystems. The situation highlights the broader issue of how to balance conservation goals with the realities of species movement and human activity.
The growing presence of exotic species calls for a rethink of policies that govern import, ownership, and release. Advocates argue for stronger measures to prevent introductions while promoting responsible choices about pet ownership and release into the wild. A shift in public awareness is seen as a key step in reducing future introductions.
For a comprehensive listing of exotic and introduced birds in Spain, the study provides a detailed reference. The full list supports researchers, policymakers, and conservationists in understanding regional differences and tracking changes over time.
Contact information and further inquiries are managed by relevant environmental departments through official channels.