Hydration stands as a foundational defense against kidney stones. Clear urine signals adequate fluid intake. Maintaining a healthy body weight and limiting red meat further support prevention. A nephrologist notes these basics when discussing stone prevention. Practical hydration targets typically acknowledge about two to three liters of fluid daily to keep urine dilute and salts from concentrating. When urine becomes concentrated, crystals can form and grow, so steady fluid intake is a sustainable habit rather than a single effort.
Across populations, roughly five percent will experience kidney stones at some stage. Prevention strategies vary with stone type, but several general rules apply. Adequate hydration reduces the concentration of minerals in urine, lowering the chance crystals will form. The consensus is to drink two to three liters of water daily, keeping urine pale and less concentrated. It is important to note that simply drinking more fluids is not a cure, and individual risk factors will influence stone formation.
Salt and meat intake should be moderated, with particular emphasis on red meat. A typical guideline recommends not exceeding about 1.0 to 1.3 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Vegetable and fruit intake should increase, and weight should be maintained within a healthy range since obesity raises stone risk. Other risk factors include heredity, parathyroid gland disorders, gout, and recurrent urinary infections.
If a stone is detected, identifying its composition guides therapy. Urate stones can be dissolved with tablets, while other types are too dense for dissolution and may require physical removal. The safest approach is to capture the loose stone and send it to a laboratory for analysis. A CT scan of the kidneys helps estimate stone density and suggests composition. Daily urine testing for lithogenic substances is less informative. Doctors may also order tests for uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D.
Risk factors for kidney infection include urinary tract obstruction, diabetes, female anatomy, vesicoureteral reflux, prior stones, and recurrent urinary infections. Hydration supports urine flow and helps prevent infection. In addition, good hygiene, timely treatment of urinary symptoms, and prompt medical care when symptoms arise are important.