Scientists have long explored whether hugging is a common behavior among humans and other social animals. It is a natural way to express love, support, and reassurance. For instance, chimpanzees hug troop members after stressful events to ease tension, and lions rub their heads along one another’s chins to reinforce social bonds. In this way, close physical contact helps strengthen group cohesion.
Beyond sentiment, touch significantly influences both mental well-being and physical health. Hugs trigger the release of several biochemical signals that support overall resilience and mood.
“A child naturally hugs a caregiver or a favorite toy as an instinctive expression of acceptance and affection. For adults, a hug can symbolize trust and belonging with someone familiar and trusted. Studies show hugs can benefit heart health, bolster stress resistance, lower blood pressure, and improve social attunement with loved ones,” notes clinical psychologist Yanina Limont in an interview with socialbites.ca.
No to depression, yes to hugs
Scientific evidence links hugging to a rise in oxytocin levels, though the trigger is often the anticipation of a pleasant moment before the embrace. Oxytocin is associated with a sense of connection and calm. Researchers from Okayama Prefectural University observed that oxytocin can produce a notable antidepressant effect once released in the central nervous system.
When a hug occurs, skin receptors fire, sending signals to the brain that release endorphins, the body’s natural analgesics and mood boosters. This interaction can help lower stress. Studies from the University of Zurich indicate that hugging prior to a stressful event can suppress cortisol production, the hormone linked to stress responses.
We hugged and went to bed
Cuddling also contributes to better sleep. Researchers at the Karolinska Institute examined how hugging influences the release of the neurotransmitter anandamide, often described as the molecule of happiness. Anandamide is noted for its effects on sleep, appetite, and even memory modulation. While the precise mechanism has been explored over time, it is now understood that anandamide can elevate levels of adenosine, a fatigue-associated molecule, about three hours after production. As adenosine accumulates, it signals the brain that time is to rest, supporting sleep onset.
In addition, anandamide can lower heart rate, reduce inflammation, protect cells, and enhance resistance to ischemic stress.
Develop character
Hugging fosters self-confidence, especially in children. Providing ample hugs helps a child feel valued and cared for, a foundation that carries into adulthood. In adolescence, the impact on self-esteem and social confidence can be substantial. Research indicates gains in trust, empathy, and the ability to understand others’ emotions. The effect strengthens bonds with those who are perceived as close, rather than with strangers, which can shape everyday communication in meaningful ways.
Some scientists note that the habit of hugging can appear to be broad and spontaneous, as people naturally reach out to those they know well and feel emotionally connected to.
Fighting dementia
Studies from the University of Tokyo suggest that oxytocin supports the functioning of memory-related brain cells. Oxytocin also helps regulate cognitive behavior and concentration, contributing to the creation of neural connections that influence cognitive processing. Regular social touch and oxytocin release may lower the risk of developing age-related cognitive decline.
Lower blood pressure and boost immunity
Evidence from researchers at the University of North Carolina indicates hugs can help reduce arterial pressure, supporting heart health and lowering cardiovascular risk. Physical contact improves circulation and can dilate capillaries, increasing oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. Higher oxygenation benefits cardiac performance as well. Clinical psychologist Yanina Limont notes that hugs raise oxytocin levels and lower blood pressure, with a more pronounced effect observed in women compared with men.
There is also evidence that touch strengthens immune resilience. A study conducted with participants who frequently hugged family and friends showed a protective effect against illnesses, even under stress. In this experiment, social support and affectionate touch reduced the severity of symptoms among those who fell ill.
Affectionate touch may also aid recovery after surgeries or injuries by promoting hormonal responses linked with healing and reduced inflammation.
Okay, so how often should one hug?
There are no universal guidelines defining the exact number of daily hugs. However, a classic view attributed to Virginia Satir suggests that four hugs a day are essential for basic survival, eight for stability, and twelve for personal growth. Other experts echo a similar sentiment, recommending a regular pattern of affectionate encounters, including hugs with loved ones and comforting objects such as teddy bears. Some findings even suggest that hugging stuffed companions can help alleviate anxiety and improve self-assurance, potentially easing the fear of death for some individuals.