Up to half of cancers in the female reproductive system could be prevented with HPV vaccination and regular gynecological care, including visits during menopause. Professionals from the nonprofit Ochsner Health System highlighted these points in collaboration with MedicalXpres, emphasizing practical steps women can take to safeguard their health across different life stages.
The most common malignant tumors affecting the female reproductive system are cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and cancers of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. In the United States alone, about 115,000 women receive a diagnosis every year, and roughly half of these cases could be prevented through widely available screening, vaccination, and risk-reducing measures.
Cervical cancer tends to be diagnosed most often in women aged 35 to 44, but individuals outside this range remain at risk. Vaccination is the sole gynecological cancer preventive option, with vaccination recommended for preteens between 11 and 12 years old. While the vaccine is most effective when given before exposure to HPV, it remains appropriate for some individuals up to age 26, and discussions about vaccination may extend to certain adults aged 27 through 45 based on personal health needs and clinician guidance. Regular screening through Pap tests and HPV testing enables the early detection of precancerous changes or cancer, which markedly improves treatment outcomes. Many women with cervical cancer do not notice symptoms at first, but potential warning signs can include abnormal vaginal bleeding after intercourse, abdominal or pelvic discomfort, and unusual vaginal discharge.
Endometrial cancer, which affects the lining of the uterus, is most often diagnosed after the age of 50. The typical warning signal is vaginal bleeding after menopause. Maintaining a healthy body weight, staying physically active, and managing cardiovascular risk factors may influence overall risk. When symptoms arise, timely evaluation by a healthcare professional is essential for early intervention and better prognosis.
Cancers of the ovaries and fallopian tubes commonly arise on the ovarian surface or within the fallopian tubes that transport eggs toward the uterus. These cancers are less common before menopause, yet they become more likely with advancing age. Up to one-quarter of cases are linked to a strong hereditary component. The BRCA gene mutation is the most well-known genetic factor associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes and can be identified through blood or saliva testing. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer may receive personalized risk-reducing recommendations, which can include preventive medications or surgical options to lower disease risk.
Symptoms of ovarian and fallopian tube cancers often involve abdominal or pelvic pain, persistent bloating, frequent urination, appetite changes, or a sense of fullness after small meals. Anyone experiencing these symptoms for several weeks should seek evaluation by a healthcare provider to rule out malignancy or to initiate early treatment if cancer is present.
In addition to vaccination and routine screening, lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise, and avoidance of tobacco play a role in lowering cancer risk. Advances in genetic testing, targeted therapies, and personalized care plans have improved survival rates and quality of life for many patients. Ongoing research continues to refine screening protocols and develop vaccines and treatments that address the most common risks facing women today.