Researchers Reveal How Botox Dives Into Brain Cells
Scientists from the University of Queensland have illuminated the process by which Botox, a drug derived from a potent biological toxin, penetrates brain cells. The findings, published in EMBO, shed new light on the intricate steps that begin on the surface of neurons.
Using ultra-high-resolution microscopy, the team observed that a receptor named Synaptotagmin 1 binds with two other receptors already known to interact with botulinum toxins. This interaction forms a small complex that lodges on the exterior of brain cells, setting the stage for toxin entry.
Botulinum toxin then grabs hold of this receptor complex and enters synaptic vesicles, the tiny storage units responsible for releasing chemical signals between neurons. Once inside, the toxin disrupts the normal communication between nerves and muscle fibers, leading to muscle paralysis.
Understanding this mechanism opens the door to identifying new molecules that could serve as targets for preventing or treating botulism, a rare but potentially deadly bacterial infection. By pinpointing each step of the toxins entry route, researchers can design strategies to block its access to neural circuits, offering hope for improved therapies.
The injectable drug Botox was originally developed to correct misalignment of the eyes, a condition known as strabismus. It soon became evident that the same mechanisms provided relief from migraines, chronic pain, and muscle spasticity. Over the years, Botox has become a common tool in neurology and is also widely used for cosmetic purposes to smooth wrinkles.