Dark energy galaxies pushes: Which universe of the Hubble telescope explained the secrets of the universe? Hubble Telescope 35 years ago 04/24/2025, 08:01 has been released

CIA nephew

In the second half of the 1970s, the United States opened a number of revolutionary intelligence satellite KH-11. The resolution made it possible to make objects up to a few centimeters on the ground – “Not enough to see the face” I put it An American astronomer, but enough for everything else. And although all KH-11 devices have been created as a weapon of the Cold War in the interests of the CIA, there is a unrecognizable member of this family, an unrecognizable member of the Hubble telescope.

Astronomers dreamed of a great telescope that has returned to the orbit near Earth since the 1920s, and there were two serious reasons for this.

First, the worldly atmosphere visibility is largely limited-naked, even in hot weather, “movement” can notice how the air disrupts the outline of distant objects. Astronomers suffer from this effect even in the most open weather, and the outputs of the telescope except the atmosphere make it possible to improve image quality at least ten times.

Secondly, a significant portion of ultraviolet and infrared radiation passes through the worldly atmosphere as a whole, and the removal of the telescope into space continues to be the only realistic option for a good image. It was believed that the telescope, which has the main mirror three meters in diameter, will meet all the needs of scientists for decades.

The device should have turned out to be unique, but it was the problem: when all the details were ordered in a single copy, the price of the project becomes extremely expensive – gorgeous by the standards of scientific projects of those times. Later, the American state invited scientists to the decision: changing the project a little and greatly reduced the cost by using ready -made details and solutions.

The details of this technology exchange are still unknown. It is clear that only the photographs of the Hubble telescope in American Technical Magazines are generally used as an example of the KH-11 view, because the two types of devices coincide in almost sizes and talk about the constructive similarities of experts (Spienas will not work until their satellites become clear).

First of all, the Hubble main mirror borrowed from the KH-11: a slightly 2.4-meter-diameter thick disc with a hole in the middle was cut out of a special glass and polished with an ideal shape with a ten nanometer accuracy in Perkinkermer factories. Human hands, of course, cannot do this and therefore polish their cars with computer management.

A serious event was attached to this. Perkinelmer was considered a secondary civilian project and sent it to his staff in a principle. As a result, the workers collected a zero corrector controlling the curvature of the mirror and when they saw the gap during assembly, they compensated for an additional washer. As a result, the mirror was polished with excellent accuracy, but wrongly and The vision of the telescope turned out to be muddy. This appeared only after the release of the device on April 25, 1990. It was possible to save by establishing “glasses yerine instead of one of the scientific devices that compensate for the wrong shape of the mirror by“ glasses, and the mirror.

Far from stars

Scientific devices have the main difference between Hubble and KH-11. If the CIA is enough to take a picture of the world surface, modern astronomers do not say much, even the most clear photographs of the starry sky, even the most clear ones. Therefore, Hubble rooms contain many replaceable light filters to shoot in the correct range and complete a few spectrometers that may result in the property of the star according to the properties of radiation.

The scientific result of the project has exceeded all expectations because telescope answered even questions that were not formulated during design. Based on the data received from Hubble, from the date of starting the device to 2024 Written 21 thousand scientific works and 1.2 million refer to them. Although Hubble data is far from a single good vehicle to observe the space area, on average, this telescope quote twice as much as other astronomical ones.

If you move away from abstract numbers and switch to certain revolutionary discoveries made using telescope, there will still be many. This is a tari of the observation of the presence of ultra -mass black holes at the center of almost every galaxy and the discovery of the two new Pluto luna and how it occurs from the uncertain, and the withdrawal of Coukera -9 Comet -levy 9 in Juupiter and much more.

The two discoveries can be distinguished from this list, closely intertwined and related to red shift work, and one of them translated astrophysics and ideas about the universe without exaggeration.

At the beginning of the 20th century, astronomers were seen that the light from distant astronomical objects passed to the red part of the spectrum and how much the object was again. Since the resources of this light were removed from the ground and all of them were removed at the same time, The universe itself expands like a balloon.

The model of the expanding universe was generally accepted for astronomers in the first half of the 20th century, but there were two main questions. First, if the universe expanded, then it was extremely compact, but then exploded. It was necessary to calculate when this big explosion occurred. Second, the future is uncertain: Will the expansion of gravity force stop and change over time?

To answer the question of how long an explosion lasts and how fast the galaxies move from each other, astronomers have used many different methods and tools, but a decisive role in this regard Stolen Hubble. Scientists analyzed the paintings of his 19 different galaxies and emphasized the Fronts – the true brightness of the vibrating stars associated with a period of vibration that can vary between days. Once the astronomers determine the brightness according to the frequency of vibration, they can compare the calculated brightness with visible and calculate the distance, the faster it is, the faster it is.

But it wasn’t the end of the job. Sefeids can be seen at a relatively small distance – about one hundred million light years. At long distances, the Supernova type IA, which has an interesting feature, can be clearly seen: after reaching the same conditions, they always shine instead of white dwarfs, and therefore the peak brightness of the flashes is always the same. This allows you to determine the distance to them, but it was necessary to calibrate this method to work with high accuracy, which was performed according to the galaxies of Cefeeids and Supernova IA.

As a result, scientists have managed to measure and calculate precise distances to many distant galaxies. A big explosion occurred about 13.8 billion years ago. A detailed hubble data in the 1990s Assessed “7 to 20 billion years.” Considering that the soil itself is about 4.5 billion years, the distribution is quite large. But this was not the most shocking discovery.

In 1994, an international research group was established upon the Supernova study with high red displacement values. His work was important, but it was planned to clarify this parameter for the most visible supernova types to create more reliable models and make more accurate observations.

In 1998, during one of the observations using Hubble, it turned out that the farthest stars escaped faster than they should be. The analysis of these data has been shown: the expansion of the universe not only slows down due to gravity, but also accelerates as if a certain force explodes from the inside.

For this study in 2011, Left Perlmutter received the Brian Schmidt and Adam Riss Nobel Prize for Physics.

At that time, in terms of existing theories, it was absurd, but observations were too right to believe in a mistake of scientists. As a result of theoretical physics The concept of dark energy was born – A unknown essence that is distributed through the universe and forces the accumulation of galaxies among themselves. For simplicity, you can imagine an anti -cavity -producing substance, ie a substance that produces gravity.

Today, the study of dark energy on the nature of the nature is considered the duty of a millennium for physicists and astronomers. Currently, it is not clear whether it is in the form of some exotic particles or whether ultra is a fundamental feature of the manifestation of the manifestation at large distances.

These are great consequences with partnerships of astronomers with American intelligence.