Hero
The whole life of Vladimir Lenin was subjected to the idea of a revolution and was neither sensuality nor a sentence. In his office in the Kremlin, his wife, ally, or even a brother who was executed under the king for terrorism. Only two people had images: Karl Marx and Stepan Khalturin. And if the first reason for the emergence of the first, then the latter of a modern man must be explained.
Karl Marx’s portrait and revolutionary Stepan Khalturin (left) “Lenin in VI Kremlin”
Mikhail Kuleshov/Ria Novosti
Khalturin became famous as the organizer of the explosion at the Winter Palace on 17 February 1880 (February 5, according to the old style). According to views, he was the volume of a people – this is the name of the movement of the left -wing radicals trying to initiate democratic reforms in Russia. In 1879, Khalturin held a carpenter at Batyshkov under his false surname, the Winter Palace, which was more than a deliberate entry into the enemy camp.
In winter, the palace produced in the underground Narodnik laboratory began in small portions to bring dynamite. He stacked him in the basement of his closet, where he was a guard, and another floor above was the royal dining room. When the dynamite accumulated sufficiently, he put a Smalle cable into the Khalturine and escaped from the palace. He did not guess over time – during the explosion at 18:22 II. Alexander was far from the dining room, but in any case it almost suffered. Only eleven people were killed – one of the soldiers in the guards and the palace foots. Khalturin-Batyshkova was not detained, and only two years later, after another populist Ignat Grinesitsky, they executed him after killing the king with an abandoned bomb.
True, why the Bolsheviks chose Khalturin as a cult figure, not Grinevitsky, not completely clear.
In general, the desire to blaspheme everything, regardless of the death of random people, preparation for self and isolation of ideas from reality, Narodniks and successors were similar to modern radical Islamists. II. The madness they are trying to kill Tsar Alexander may cause surprise. Why were seven attempts to the Emperor, who was socially famous for the liberation of the peasants and many of them socially famous for liberal reforms? Why didn’t the warriors try to get rid of Nicholas for people, with the same energy, who was the enemy of freedom and progress? To answer this question, you need to understand the logic of populism.
Walk to people
The official answer to the question of why Narodniks began to revolutionary terror against King-Liberator because they did not exist very simple. In the mid -19th century, an important role played by the intelligentsia of the modern type, graduates and students of higher education institutions began to emerge. II. In 1863 by Alexander, the Higher Education Reform offered his wife and unprecedented opportunities for students and professors for students and professors.
The interest in university education was extremely high at that time, but for various reasons, not everyone could finish the training. Someone flew for bad performance, I didn’t have any money, while others were fired for political reasons or irregularity. For example, Khalturin himself was fired for bad performance.
Stepan Khalturin
Ria Novosti
It is difficult to imagine a greater contrast than the Russian daily life of that period and the university. The portal of the sciences opened to another world, the world of great ideas, freedom and progress. The students met the history of the French Revolution, which was seen as a heroic fairy tale about the enlightenment philosophers and their struggle against the oppressors. But in fact, there was still archaic autocracy in Russia, and young people were still surrounded by royal officials, Palestinians and naked peasants, at least the intellectuals saw it. A person who flew from the university or even finished usually could not find a place for him.
Then the idea of populism emerged: by serving people, changing the world around itself, çekmek pulling it up ”and changing the country. The ultimate goal of these changes was seen with the destruction of the autocracy and the establishment of the Kingdom of Freedom.
At first, in the 1860s, Narodniks tried to enter simple enlightenment. Since the fruitlessness of this study was open, the tactics changed soon: unsuccessful students merged in groups and passed through the villages as a sect member and taught the villagers of life. They talked about socialism to not pay taxes, not to obey the authorities, to unite in groups and to organize a revolution.
The propaganda of voice urban whims between the peasants had no effect. Sometimes the peasants were ready to listen and accept individual ideas, for example, with the need to get rid of landowners. Most of the time, populist ideas did not simply understand, and sometimes agitators were beaten or delivered to the authorities – especially for calls for the overthrow of the king of God.
Only the intellectuals who realized that the strategy failed decided to take the issue into their own hands. They decided that people were foolishly sleeping by “autocratic difficulty”. However, if this mosque falls for a moment, people wake up and raise the uprising. For this reason, it was not necessary to kill the emperor in his logic, not to pay attention to the losses and the accompanying damage.
II. Alexander’s reforms in the 1850-1860s led to the rise of higher education in Russia and the scientific breakthrough of the second half of the 19th century. However, at the same time, Russian revolutionary “jihadists” have become the foundation of the staff very quickly formed a whole social class.
It was promised, but I don’t dare to give
II. Another reason for the hunting of revolutionaries for Alexander – the contemporaries did not seem like such a savior. Although Alexander’s views on politics could be called liberally, he was far from slavery, the American religious and political movement, which called on slavery to immediately escape from slavery for moral reasons. In the United States, this movement led to a division into the slave when he defeated the presidential elections of Abraham Lincoln at the beginning of the moderate slave and the “free” north and at the beginning of the civil war. Although Tsar Alexander was usually compared with Linkoal, he did not plan a civil war and Serfdom was not a matter of morality and religion for him.
The main reason for the removal of the removal was to realize that it was a stone that prevented the development of a country’s neck.
The embarrassing defeat in the Crimean War clearly emphasized the difference between modern industrial powers and “bastard” agricultural country. In addition, the king realized that the archaic serfs would be dispersed on his own, even if the country in the next war would not defeat the external enemies. “Gentlemen, you know yourself, you know that the order of possession of existing souls cannot remain unchanged. Canceling Serfdom from above is better than waiting for the time it starts to be canceled from below. in question He speaks to the nobles in 1856.
After the explosion on February 17, 1880, the Winter Palace, St. A engraving from St. Petersburg, Russia, L’Uustrazione Italiana
Dea/Biblioteca Ambrosian/de AGOSTİNI/getty Images
Therefore, the reform he designed is cautious and semi -hearted. The villagers stopped being a serf, but temporarily obliged. This gave them more rights, but they had to work on the landowner until they paid a ransom for a complete freedom. Moreover, due to errors in preparing the reform, some peasants’ situation completely worsened and had to work more on the Master more than the same thing. The atonement payments were a high grave and it was very useful for landowners. It was only canceled during the first Russian revolution.
Therefore, the revolutionary and liberal inhabitants of Russia did not think that they should submit to the King in their feet. From their point of view, he made objectively what he was compulsory and even made the abolition of Serfom harmful and unprofitable for the people on the road. Dmitry Karakozov, who tried to shoot him in 1866, said this directly to the King with the text. Between them realized dialogue:
– Are you a pole?
“Russian,” the terrorist replied.
– Why did you hit me?
– You deceived people: They promised him to the world, but I didn’t.
However, since the abolition of Serfdom and other major reforms and really life returned in Russia, the revolutionaries decided that their time had come. They had no chance of success because of the popularity of their ideas in society, but fanaticism prevented them from noticing it.
Therefore, II. Alexander and the revolutionaries executed, and people were accidentally injured in terrorist attacks – all of them died in vain.
What are you thinking?
Source: Gazeta
Barbara Dickson is a seasoned writer for “Social Bites”. She keeps readers informed on the latest news and trends, providing in-depth coverage and analysis on a variety of topics.